Collection of recent crypto learnings 2: “Ethereum hit $10 billion in revenue faster than any other major software company besides Google”

Below are some thoughtful and entertaining crypto-related content since the last update

Ethereum hit $10 billion in revenue faster than any other major software company besides Google

Ethereum Revenue

Programmable, composable data structures (ie, tokens) are the “new computing primitive” that will usher in the next phase of the internet

We need an alternative. Crypto is the perfect marriage for AI since the transparent global human coordination that underpins the movement is something that can harness AI for good at global scale. Crowdfunding (with cash or with your GPU) the creation and fine tuning of open source models which anyone can audit in real time for biases or issues is the safest path forward in the accelerating world of AI.

Chris takes the same journey but he calls these phases Read, Write, and Own. The initial phase of the web, when the web browser arrived, was mostly a reading experience. Then in the early 2000s, the web became two-way and we could Read and Write. What Blockchain Networks have unlocked is the ability to own things on the web

The “big, long macro trend” is what’s important, not the “technology” of “passive investing” or “indexing”. American Boomers of the last 30 years think they are “smart” to Index, but their real smartness was to jump on board a trend fueled by US money printing combined with quantitative easing and globalism

The idea of Bitcoin, like the idea of Index funds is a clean “world view” that markets itself. It’s not the only crypto that does so. Once you do accept Bitcoin into your brain, part of your brain opens up to other cryptos: Eth, Solana, NFTs, Ordinals … maybe some combination of Crypto and AI like Tao.

My sense is that this new idea: Bitcoin, and this new demographic: Millenials are in for an epic bull run.
The BTC ETF will be the gateway drug for this. It will get the Boomers and GenXs so that they CAN participate in the transition. Most won’t. But enough will.
It’s an idea that will take over the next 20 years.

Friend.tech does ~$7M in annualized revenue from only ~500 DAUs. But you need to have an extremely high CLV for the economics to work.

He defines crypto as a meeting of “generative tech” (the creation of new things, users and markets) and “participatory capital formation” (individuals pooling money in new ways to create new types of businesses).

Cdixon on investing (he leads a16z’s Crypto Fund):

I used to think venture investing is 80% an intellectual test, 20% emotional test. Now I’d say it’s the reverse.
I’d say the same about my experiences as a startup founder. Probably true of many other long-term activities.

Giving up too early, being overly influenced by external sentiment, acting hastily, losing sight of fundamentals, getting too optimistic, getting too pessimistic, being overeager to do something when sometimes you just have to wait, other times waiting too long…. Etc etc :)

Every bull market in crypto has been kicked off by a new method of token distribution. Examples include:
* PoW chain proliferation—2013/2014
* ICOs—2017
* IEOs—2019
* Liquidity mining—2020
* NFT minting—2021
*

Some view this regression phenomenon as the foundational policy of the crypto space: “whatever is permitted by the protocol’s code and market structure is legitimate.” This viewpoint, while rarely expressed in such direct terms, is remarkably common among crypto users

Regression to the code erodes social norms, and this consequence accounts in large part for what repulses people from crypto. Even as protocols fulfill important social functions like affordable remittances and escape from inflationary regimes, “the space” appears to outsiders as greedy and riddled with scams. It is for this reason that crypto seems to stand apart from all prior human institutions

Token buyers will be to investors what bloggers/tweeters are to journalists:
Tokens will break down the barrier between professional investors and token buyers in the same way that the internet brought down the barrier between professional journalists and tweeters and bloggers.

Multi-chain developers have 10x-ed since 2015 and accelerated after 2018.
30% of devs have been working on 2+ chains for 3 years.
Most chains share deployers with Ethereum. Ethereum, @0xPolygonLabs, & @BNBChain cross-polinate the most frequently.
Large ecosystems have emerged for @0xPolygonLabs, @Optimism, @Solana, @NEARprotocol, @Cosmos, @Arbitrum, @BNBChain, and @avax

Treasuries are just staked US dollars (!)

In these cycles, bitcoin consistently outperformed altcoins in phase 1 of the upswing. In phase 2, altcoins substantially outperformed bitcoin. What’s interesting is that the magnitude of outperformance is so large that altcoins have outperformed bitcoin across the full length of both cycles

If attention is the core pricing factor, then what crypto enables is an infinite canvas to issue and trade assets that track attention. The broader pattern of “financializing attention” requires two of crypto’s most important properties to reach its natural end state: permissionlessness and composability.

The reason is that the transition from a gold-backed to fiat-backed system was comparable to a soft communist revolution, as the *visible* seizure of gold laid the groundwork for the *invisible* seizure of wealth via money printing.
And the classically trained judges at that time fully understood this. Justice McReynolds’ then-famous dissent denounced the ruling in the harshest terms, noting that the “Constitution is gone” and the “dollar…may be 30c tomorrow, 10c the next day, and 1c the day following”.

The most important takehome is that tokens are not equity, but are more similar to paid API keys. Nevertheless, they may represent a >1000X improvement in the time-to-liquidity and a >100X improvement in the size of the buyer base relative to traditional means for US technology financing — like a Kickstarter on steroids

Crypto is the modern version of the long emerging markets trade. As an industry, it will see the most relative capital inflows, budding innovation and has an innately global footprint. It provides a fiat currency debasement hedge (Bitcoin), new application networks akin to the internet (smart contract blockchains like Ethereum and Solana) and the fastest growing population. You can compare it to any individual sovereign, country or financial market and nothing beats it.

Our thesis at Variant is that the next generation of internet networks will turn users into owners—specifically asset owners. The internet enabled everyone to become a publisher, and similarly, crypto enables everyone to become an asset owner, and therefore, an investor. You don’t need capital to invest, you can invest your time or work by producing art, running machines, or doing physical work.

Ethereum is just a super useful thing – Ippolito

Podcast notes – Hasu and Mike on MEV (Bell Curve) – “If a single regulatory regime can make rules in crypto, then crypto has just failed”

Hosts: Hasu and Mike
Hasu – advisor to Flashbots, Lido

MEV value chain
-money from reordering / censoring transactions
any value a privileged actor can extract – eg, Central Bank printing money, can be considered MEV

People use crypto to escape MEV in real world

Should build crypto systems resilient to MEV

Principles in reducing MEV
-more competition = lower fees, less MEV
-more private = harder to extract MEV
-more user control

MEV is invisible – even looking at transaction data in Etherscan, won’t see sandwich attack

Parties:
Users
Wallets
Searchers
Builders
Relayers
Validators

MEV schools
1. Democratizing MEV – hard to minimize MEV, isolate builders role, make it competitive
2. Minimize MEV –

User/wallet layer – order flow auctions – users don’t send to public mempool or block builder, auctions off right to execute your transaction, if there are competing bidders, the price rises, and value goes to user (instead of to MEV capturer)

Mike: “Payment for order flow” – Robinhood offering zero fees, selling order flow to Citadel / hedge funds
Mike: In past, equity brokerages would charge you for trades – now people have opted for free trades / invisible fees (eg, Robinhood)
We can do better in Defi – especially the transparency

World of Cosmos and Ethereum are converging – ETH community has been better at executing
Hard to say in future if X project is ETH or Cosmos project – there’s increasing convergence

MEV accrues to whomever gets to order the transactions
Mike: MEV will accrue to execution layer

L2 sequencers today are centralized – with plans to decentralize – will eventually face same MEV problems as ETH L1
L2s all need PBS (proposer builder separation)

Sequencers today in L2 does 4 things
-receive transactions
-decide on ordering of transactions
-give user a receipt
-send order batch to data availability layer — that’s what creates finality

MEV should not be counted towards security budget — that’s how core devs think about it, want to minimize and not enshrine it
Minimum security should be paid from inflation + base fee

“MEV is very hard to track”

Different forms of MEV
-arbitrage – different prices on different exchanges, or underpriced asset
-sandwich attacks – buy before a user, then sell it to the user at higher price
-liquidations – searchers typically do this

Uniswap V3 – concentrated liquidity – reduced sandwich attacks

Statistical arbitrage – take balance sheet risk, small period of time where you have to hold asset before selling it

Many top Defi traders are also block builders – want to maximize inclusion guarantee, greater control over trading strategy – can make trade at last moment, can see all other transactions and order / cancel them

In systems we build, must make sure they’re not sensitive to latency — otherwise there’s incentive to colocate near each other, more centralization
Phil Daian post on this: https://collective.flashbots.net/t/decentralized-crypto-needs-you-to-be-a-geographical-decentralization-maxi/1385

Turn latency into price / auction, auctions are generally more fair, and price (ability to pay) is easier to decentralize than geographic proximity

Users love Robinhood because good feature is very visible (free trades) and bad feature is very invisible (selling user order flow)

Mike: Optimism and Arbitrum have very different approaches to MEV

“Solana is case study for why to not build low latency blockchains”
1 of 2 Solana block builders is operating liquid staking protocol
If you don’t have robust mempool and fee market design, get a lot of spam
58% of Solana transactions are failed arbitrage transactions

What’s novel in Cosmos —
-Osmosis doing something very interesting – onchain block building and searching
-Noma (sp?) & Penumbra – intent based transaction framework

Mike: Cosmos has very different opinions, diversity of ideas
Hasu: Big drawback is everyone has different validator sets, but as shared security grows, what compromises will be made?

How does regulation bump into MEV?
Crypto is about fair and equitable markets for users with less manipulation and exploitation
Execution on public blockchains is continually improving
Regulators are largely pragmatic

“If a single regulatory regime can make rules in crypto, then crypto has just failed”

Podcast notes – Neil Howe, author of The Fourth Turning – Blockworks

Host: Mike Ippolito
Guest: Neil Howe, author of The Fourth Turning, works at Hedgeye

Generational theory wasn’t popular after WW2
Rebounded in 1960s-70s – generational gap caused by Baby Boomers, who had very different values from the war generation
Boomers wanted to take over and challenge their parents
Boomers aren’t builders, but they’re very expressive

Co-wrote Fourth Turning w/ Bill Strauss
Both authors had written already about generational issues
Fourth Turning wanted to look at series of generational changes in American history
Didn’t expect cycles – it was an epiphany as they researched
Certain kinds of generations always follow others
Interdisciplinary approach, sociocultural cycles

“Gen X” wasn’t coined until 1992 – Material Girl, hip hop culture, didn’t like Boomers’ hypocrisy, jaundiced and cynical views

Major civic revolutions / upheavals once every ~80 years (average lifespan, called a “saeculum”)
Each generation is ~22 years, 4 of them = ~80-90 years
Every turning tends to end in a crisis
1770s American Revolution > 1860s Civil War > 1940s WW2 > 2020s

Mike:
“Want to rebel against our parents”
Ray Dalio’s long-term debt cycle (every 80 years, great deleveraging in financial markets)

Fourth Turning has lots of linkages with cycles in other fields – economics, culture
Re-aligning political elections occur in sync with these cycles

“It doesn’t look good at the moment”

Every time you have a crisis, every one who had a living memory of the last crisis is already gone – eg, WW2 forgot Civil War, today we forget WW2 and Great Depression

Every turning is a generation – ~20 years
Each turning is when you’re moving from childhood > young adulthood > mid life > elder
The whole social mood changes as each generation shifts

Fourth Turning is final phase, the “crisis phase”
A civic / reconstruction phase
Associated with scarcity, the Depression, the great wars, the revolutions
Periods of great disorder
Institutions have become sclerotic / dysfunctional
Need rejuvenation / forest fires to clear out the brush
Allow new resources and new institutions to flourish
Periods of tremendous social growth

“We always make our biggest changes during times of crisis” – after WW2 we established Social Security, Bretton Woods + IMF + World Bank
Same after Civil War – national currency system, transcontinental railroad, etc

Lots of tribalization today – red vs blue zones, extreme political opinions
More people think a civil war is likely
Fascism vs socialism
Participation in politics has skyrocketed – voter turnout, “Trump solved that problem”
Rapid deterioration of growth prospects for young Americans
Book “Big Sort” shows how Americans are geographically dividing by culture and politics

Now likelihood of a great power confrontation caused by Russia invasion of Ukraine

Our current Fourth Turning started in 2008 with Great Financial Crisis
This phase will extend to 2030
Very low GDP growth, inflated markets with QE and low rates, driven by Central Bank policies and MMT
Long-term inflation expectations are exploding
Powell wants to be Volcker now, must fight inflation

America has enormous deficits today – no more stimmy, higher interest rates, Ukraine conflict, China struggling – bleak picture
Fed can’t really intervene now to protect markets
After mid-term, likely both Houses will be Republican
Both parties don’t really have consensus leadership

Mike: “something eventually has to give” – but then there will be genuine improvement
Realized other great powers aren’t democracies – China, Russia

On youth:
They invented the word “millennial” – high school class of 2000 was initial cohort
Did book “Millennial Rising” – they’re special, risk averse, attached to parents, less crime, collective teamwork / organizing

Greatest distrust with democracy is among younger people – believe it empowers older / richer people – thus the move to collectivism