Incredible report on the macro-political implications of Bitcoin, especially wrt US-China relations

Original source here: https://www.btcpolicy.org/articles/great-power-network-competition-bitcoin

It was published in October 2023 but I hadn’t read it until recently.

Sharing my favorite excerpts here, I use // when appending comments

Network power consists in the ability of a state to exercise surveillance and chokepoint controls
over a global network. For example, signals intelligence collection on global communications, suspicious activity reports on banking transactions, and end-user inspections on semiconductor technology are all forms of surveillance power from which the U.S. derives immense geopolitical advantage.

// reminds me a bit of Balaji’s Sovereign States thesis… digital networks gradually gaining power and autonomy

namely the “frenemy” relationship that previously obtained between financial capital (dominated by the G7), energy/commodities (dominated by OPEC+), and goods production (dominated by China)

// energy/commodities seems more complicated than just OPEC dominance given US shale growth and China & Brazil dominance in certain key categories

The old playbook of economic coercion and network exclusion may work for minor powers, but it certainly isn’t going suffice (and may even backfire) in an era of great power competition. Note that China’s geoeconomic allies across OPEC and Russia (and the expanded BRICS) dominate the oil market, most commodities trade, and are increasingly at the center of global value chains.

Social Security started drawing down trust fund reserves (USTs) for the first time in 2021, with a projected depletion by 2034

// if 2034 is accurate, that’s highly concerning… and also why I told my mom to start taking distributions as soon as she was able

An IMF study found that “an individual in the 75th percentile of wealth distribution who invested $1 in 2004 would have yielded $1.50 by the end of 2015—a return of 50 percent. A person in the top
0.1 percent would have yielded $2.40 on the same invested dollar—a return of 140 percent.”

A leaked analysis by the Office of Naval Intelligence showed that “China is the world’s leading shipbuilder by a large margin”, controlling “~40% of global commercial shipbuilding market” with a
shipbuilding capacity 232 times greater than the U.S.

China and a handful of other nations now own over $12 trillion in U.S. equities, up from $2 trillion in 2010

// certainly any attack on the US would include crashing financial markets, even a 20% drop in stock prices would lead to rising panic and societal discontent… much less 50% or more

equally pernicious is China’s covert recycling of dollar surpluses via offshore money centers to control scarce western assets and influence and corrupt democracies. A synergy between transnational criminal organizations, state intelligence organs, and western middlemen operating in the “gray zone” of global finance have helped route trillions via shell companies into western financial and real estate markets

Recognizing CIPS will never supplant CHIPS and SWIFT, China is looking to “leap-ahead” and capture first-mover advantage and structural network dominance over emerging global fintech and permissioned national blockchain systems

// India seems to be doing this well, and maybe El Salvador…

It is noteworthy that China and Saudi Arabia have increased their strategic partnership, as the
erstwhile U.S. ally has become more geopolitically promiscuous under Mohammed bin Salman. MBS—a millennial autocrat with no taste for democracy but extreme ambitions for domestic development—has
found in Beijing the perfect source of both military support (e.g., ballistic missiles) and construction capabilities to drive his Vision 2030 objectives

China is exporting (and finding strong demand for) a bundled techno-authoritarian “stack”
consisting of dedicated fiber-optic cable networks, cloud hosting, “cybersecurity” services,
5G/Internet of Things digital infrastructure, surveillance equipment, cross-bridged CBDC platforms
(built to integrate with the China’s Digital Currency/Electronic Payment (DC/EP) system of
course), and sophisticated AI monitoring software, alongside onsite training, technical assistance,
and customer support for would be autocrats across the globe.

Thesis: Bitcoin and regulated dollar-based stablecoins may help the U.S. counter adversary efforts to challenge U.S. geoeconomic power while reinforcing liberal value systems around the world.

// liberal value systems in the broad and original sense, I would hope, not the Democratic party “liberalism” we’ve come to see this past decade which disproportionately benefitted specific minority groups at the general expense of most others

Bitcoin and dollar-stablecoin adoption along the frontlines of Cold War 2.0 may serve as a bottom-
up bulwark against China’s geo-monetary network expansion strategy. China has banned Bitcoin in its own country but cannot do the same across the rest of Eurasia, the Middle East, and Africa, many nations of which have relatively permissive cryptocurrency regimes

the United States can take special advantage of the dollar-based stablecoin ecosystem that has emerged to facilitate cryptocurrency trading, especially offshore. The top two largest dollar-pegged stablecoins hold a market cap exceeding $100 billion, and are growing quickly. One can argue that these private stablecoins are winning the fight the U.S. should be fighting against the DC/EP, with market-driven transaction volume in just these two dollar-stablecoins vastly outpacing that of the PBoC’s DC/EP efforts to-date.

// again, users vote with their wallets, and the market wins (in the long-run)

increased demand for these stablecoin issuance (mostly driven by increased demand for Bitcoin, and its rising dollar price) will drive increased demand for U.S. bonds (and other U.S. corporate and municipal debt blessed as “money-good” High Quality Liquid Asset collateral). At a time where foreign demand for our debt is drying up, Bitcoin-driven stablecoin growth can serve as another source of government financing

Note that while the foreign official sector is broadly trying to de-dollarize or diversify their FX
exposure on the margin, the populations in these countries want dollars more than local currencies.
The fact that ~99% of stablecoins are dollar-denominated appears to demonstrate that, absent government forces, the high salability of the dollar will win against other currencies.

// it is interesting and ironic that many states want to move away from the dollar while their citizens clearly want MORE dollars, not less…

Bitcoin is a novel synthetic, and scarce, digital commodity with global fungibility, limited
counterparty risk (zero if self-custodied), large and growing liquidity, and unit scalability to settle any quantity of value. Its monetary properties offer a similar (if not better) scarcity and bearer profile than gold (and other commodities). Its technical properties offer a similar (if not better) transactional and settlement profile than fiat-exchange system rails (e.g., SWIFT, FedWire)

// beautifully said

States will still seek to control and monitor Bitcoin (and related stablecoin) flows as best they can,
which will set up a technical arms-race between protocol development and chain-analysis. Some states may desire the benefits of holding Bitcoin for themselves, but seek to limit domestic, individual engagement.

From a national security perspective, key decision-makers may realize the fact that allowing Bitcoin to monetize alongside (or outpacing gold) would disproportionately benefit the U.S. (whose citizens and firms hold potentially a majority of all Bitcoin, and whose companies and capital markets would grow in tandem). That is, while China and Russia double-down on analog gold, the U.S. can countermove to digital gold.

// this would be a powerful and effective chess move, and maybe Trump / Vance can push us in that direction, but I remain skeptical for now

This is Bitcoin’s cycle. Some thoughts on why

The main character this cycle is clearly Trump; the rest — mostly crypto influencers — are leagues behind Trump in influence and reach, think Ansem (SOL & memecoins) and Pacman (Blast) — no shade to them, it’s just a different ballgame now

With Trump likely to win in November, and with JD Vance as his Veep, it’s clearly positive for crypto regulations; this will be a tailwind for all crypto assets, especially for any coin eligible for an ETF (ETH and maybe SOL), projects attacked by the SEC (Uniswap, Stacks, etc), and yield generating tokens (POS, Defi)

The Presidential election has and seems likely to continue dominating the global news cycle for the rest of 2024, and the only crypto asset likely to get significant attention is Bitcoin; the only other asset with remotely macro-political implications is ETH with its impending ETF launch, but it’s trivial in comparison

Institutional investors now dominate new flows; the only tokens that meet their liquidity and regulatory requirements — for now — are Bitcoin and maybe Ethereum and possibly if I squint Solana

You could make a weak case for AI-related tokens to get some macro-political attention (eg, Worldcoin)

This doesn’t mean pockets of crypto won’t do well, ie, infra L1/2/3/X’s always have a bridge to sell. Likely we’ll see one or more Dogecoin-level memes, and maybe 1-2 consumer apps getting their 15 minutes (like Polymarket).

But this is squarely Bitcoin’s cycle.

Tokens are fashions — part identity, part fad — the change is the point

Fashion is identity — we dress like our friends and colleagues, we dress to communicate what we want others to know about us, and we make instant, mostly subconscious, and often hard-to-change judgments about a person based on what they wear

Fashions change quickly — fads don’t last, but surviving fads become trends — the change is the point

Tokens (stablecoins, memecoins, BTC/ETH) will only grow and proliferate for savings and payments: 10 years ago you could only spend BTC to buy a VPN subscription. Today Shopify has integrated Solana

The tokens you buy, hold, and spend will increasingly resemble fashions — part identity, part trend, but again, the change is the point (aligns perfectly with generational change, ADHD-ification of culture, AI, general societal acceleration)

Tokens as identity: Holding BTC v SOL v ETH is increasingly a statement of who you are and what crowd(s) you identify with, just like wearing Lululemon or driving Tesla or voting Republican

Tokens as trends: ETH was the subversive cool kid in prior cycles; this cycle is SOL’s turn; next cycle will be something new. This is more or less inevitable

Memecoins are mostly fads — some fads may evolve into lasting trends, but the vast majority won’t. Doge did. Shiba kinda did. Maybe WIF will

If tokens are fashions, then the tokens you buy, hold, and use may become increasingly subjective (like your favorite sneaker brand) and less rational (like what stocks to invest)

To succeed, a token project should think more like a consumer or fashion brand than a rational profit-driven investment — more emotion, less ROI. More Chanel, less Munger. More Stanley cup, less 7-in-1 men’s shower product.

Gresham’s law says bad money drives out the good; perhaps in a tokenized economy, interesting money also drives out the boring

Recent startup, tech, AI, crypto learnings: “some of the most successful consumer products started as what we’d now call tarpit ideas. Think Facebook, Instagram, DoorDash, Yelp”

Yet, some of the most successful consumer products started as what we’d now call tarpit ideas. Think Facebook, Instagram, DoorDash, Yelp. You could argue the problems they were tackling weren’t as broadly appealing at the time, but they weren’t first in their category either. There’s hindsight bias too — they were so wildly successful that we really can’t call them tarpit ideas anymore.

Crypto’s trends from the ICO boom; to NFT summer; to socialFi, to memecoining, show me that people like to do their own research, get some sense of market advantage and then buy in size.

The iPhone’s launch in 2007, was clearly disruptive to the existing “smartphone” market controlled by Blackberry and Palm Pilot. But a few years later, the iPhone went on to disrupt nearly every industry via the creation of the mobile interface. (And we predict that a similar delayed reaction is likely to happen in generative AI as well).

The end of 2023 marked an inflection point for the presence of memes on chain. Averaging about 9,000 new tokens per day from August to November of 2023, Solana now averages more than triple that at 28,000 per day. At its peak, it topped 100,000 new tokens per day using the 30-day moving average (670,000 outright).

One general rule of technical advancement is that it’s not necessarily the most feature rich variant of a new technology that reaches the tipping point and critical mass, or even the cheapest or most available: rather, it tends to be the easiest to use.

And as Sam Altman once said, every year we get closer to AGI everybody will gain +10 crazy points.

In any case, people overrate the importance of open-source as we get closer to AGI. Given cluster costs escalating to hundreds of billions, and key algorithmic secrets now being proprietary rather than published as they were a couple years ago, it’ll be 2-3 or so leading players, rather than some happy community of decentralized coders building AGI.

If the last couple waves of startups felt like 10x improvements, AI provides what feels like a 100x better experience than the incumbent substitute (humans!) by compressing what is almost always the significant effort of hiring and managing another person, into a near instant experience that will only get better over time. To do this at a small fraction of the cost of hiring/managing that human dramatically opens up limitless use cases and therefore dramatically expands the market. If people underestimated the size of Uber’s market initially, we’re all underestimating the size of many AI startups’ opportunity.

The analogy here is to Search, another service that requires astronomical investments in both technology and infrastructure; Apple has never built and will never need to build a competitive search engine, because it owns the devices on which search happens, and thus can charge Google for the privilege of making the best search engine the default on Apple devices. This is the advantage of owning the device layer, and it is such an advantageous position that Apple can derive billions of dollars of profit at essentially zero cost.

Coinbase: Last piece of big puzzle is international expansion. 17% of revenue today. We’ve picked 10 markets. “Go deep markets”

Though the team used to run a marketing agency, working with brands like Casper in order to fund MSCHF projects, they stopped taking on clients last year. Now, they pretty much do whatever they want.

“Everything is just, ‘How do we kind of make fun of what we’re observing?’” Mr. Whaley said. “Then we have as much fun with it as possible and see what happens.”

Ethereum is a vision with a business while Solana is a business with a vision.

On the one end there are the doomers. They have been obsessing over AGI for many years; I give them a lot of credit for their prescience. But their thinking has become ossified, untethered from the empirical realities of deep learning, their proposals naive and unworkable, and they fail to engage with the very real authoritarian threat.

In the early folds of the paper—for instance, when you’ve folded it seven times and it’s still less than an inch thick—it is hard to see how it is possible that on fold fifty, a thin piece of paper could reach the sun.

we get frustrated when our wifi won’t transfer in two seconds what would have taken twenty minutes in the year 2000.

The project that has done the most on the former is perhaps Worldcoin, of which I analyze an earlier version (among other protocols) at length here. Worldcoin uses AI models extensively at protocol level, to (i) convert iris scans into short “iris codes” that are easy to compare for similarity, and (ii) verify that the thing it’s scanning is actually a human being. The main defense that Worldcoin is relying on is the fact that it’s not letting anyone simply call into the AI model: rather, it’s using trusted hardware to ensure that the model only accepts inputs digitally signed by the orb’s camera.

Modularization incurs costs in the design and experience of using products that cannot be overcome, yet cannot be measured. Business buyers — and the analysts who study them — simply ignore them, but consumers don’t. Some consumers inherently know and value quality, look-and-feel, and attention to detail, and are willing to pay a premium that far exceeds the financial costs of being vertically integrated.

When hype hit Snapchat, the product and growth loops had been maturing for months without any distortion from hype.

Rather, a useful way to think about generative AI models is that they are extremely good at telling you what a good answer to a question like that would probably look like. There are some use-cases where ‘looks like a good answer’ is exactly what you want, and there are some where ‘roughly right’ is ‘precisely wrong’.

The number of Chinese websites is shrinking and posts are being removed and censored, stoking fears about what happens when history is erased. China’s internet had 3.9M websites in 2023, down ~27% from 2017; Chinese-language websites were 1.3% of the global total, down 70% from 4.3% in 2013

https://longform.asmartbear.com/extreme-questions/
-If you were forced to increase your prices by 10x, what would you have to do to justify it?
-If you were never allowed to provide tech support, in any form, what would have to change?
-What would be the most fun thing to build? When we work on things that are fun, we work better and harder, yet are happy to do it.
-If our biggest competitor copied every feature we have, how would we still win?
-What if our only goal were to create the most good in the world, personally for our customers?

https://www.workingtheorys.com/p/software-creator

They’ll make simple software fast and at high frequency. They’ll have small teams (or no team) and engage directly with their users. Like content creators, there’ll be many kinds of software creators in many mediums. There will be short-form software creators and long-form software creators. There will be educational software creators, entertainment software creators, and lifestyle software creators.

We’ll see a lot more software as art, software as a game, software as an experience — not just software as a never-ending utility.

More software will be niche, private, personal, and local – and this will be economically rational. And just like we subscribe to our favorite content creators, we’ll subscribe to our favorite software creators too.

Late on the night of June 2nd, the Mianbi Intelligence team confirmed that the Stanford large model project Llama3-V, like MiniCPM, could recognize the “Tsinghua Simple” ancient Warring States script, “not only getting it exactly right, but also making the exact same mistakes.” This ancient script data was manually annotated by the research team after months of scanning word by word from the Tsinghua Simple, and was not publicly available, confirming the fact of plagiarism.

As an investor, the AI opportunity is obviously colossal and on a par with the invention of the internet or railroads in terms of disruption and value creation. But I think it’s likely to be “too successful” in terms of disrupting society. I believe that the effect of AI on the workforce will lead to an empowering of socialist, anti-capital dynamics in the west. So while the move is to allocate aggressively, you have to consider the reprisals to come.

Because the best possible way to find product-market fit is to define your own market.

Soon, some company will make smart glasses that sit in front of our eyes all day. We will go from 50% attention on screens to ~90%+ That’s the moment in time when the metaverse starts. Because at that moment, our virtual life will become more important than our real life.

11/ Crypto users show high present bias (~0.4) and notably low discount factor indicating a tendency toward impatience and immediate gratification

“Without a doubt, memes are becoming a universal language. Memes are shared on every social platform: Facebook, X, Instagram, TikTok, Reddit, family group chats, company Slack channels, marketing messages, celebrity feuds, etc. But if you google the market size of the meme industry, the projected value is expected to be $6.1B in 2025. This makes no sense when one meme coin (like $PEPE) has nearly that value as a market cap. Given how memes drive culture, politics, and entertainment, I’d be so bold to say that the true market size is at least 100x in size.”

one of the few people who recognized, early, the potential dangers of unaligned AGI, Musk, has switched teams, flipping from calling for a pause to going all in on—and wildly overhyping—a technology that remains exactly as incorrigible as it ever was.

Collectively, founders typically own 8–12% of max token supply with individual founders owning between 2.5–7.5% with 4–6% being most common.

Open-source will have a home wherever smaller, less capable, and configurable models are needed – enterprise workloads, for example – but the bulk of the value creation and capture in AI will happen using frontier capabilities. The impulse to release open-source models makes sense as a free marketing strategy and a path to commoditize your complements. But open-source model providers will lose the capital expenditure war as open-source ROI continues to decline.

Cailliau told Motherboard that to make this bot, he first created a large language model framework that was customized to reflect his girlfriend, Sacha’s, personality. Cailliau said he used Google’s chatbot Bard to help him describe her personality. Then, he used ElevenLabs, an AI text-to-speech software, to mimic his girlfriend’s voice. He also added a selfie tool into the code that was connected to the text-to-image model Stable Diffusion that would generate images of her during the conversation. Finally, Cailliau connected it all to Telegram using an app called Steamship, which is also the company he works at.

Software is expensive to create. You have to pay people to create it, maintain it, and distribute it. Because software is expensive to create, it has to make money. And we pay for it–software licenses, SaaS, per seat pricing, etc. Software margins have historically been an architectural envy–90+% margins and zero marginal cost of distribution.

“One of the fundamental rules of marketing is that “a confused mind always says no.”
“People won’t care about any of the success you’ve had, and they won’t follow you or your advice until they know that you’ve been where they are now.”
“If you’re neutral, no one will hate you, but no one will know who you are either.”

I still remember the days when “tokenomics” seemed cheesy af. It felt too academic, like Wall Street bros trying to enter the crypto clown arena in their suits and slacks. Now, a few short years later, tokenomics are widespread and heavily scrutinized. Attentionomics feels like a new appendage in the tokenomic arsenal.

Have said before that I believe the biggest memecoins will morph into unrecognizable monsters with chains, dexes, branded apps and more (imagine Pepechain). They will iteratively add utility (just as we saw last cycle w NFTs).

Open-source models have no feedback loop between production usage and model training, so they foot the bill for all incremental training data, whereas closed-source models drive compounding value with data from incremental usage.
If Meta differentiates their model based on their social graph or user feedback, they’ll want to capture that value via their closed products, and not share it with the world.

Cypherpunks participate in core Ethereum research and development, and write privacy software
Regens do Gitcoin grants rounds, retroactive public goods funding, and various other non-financial applications
Degens trade memecoins and NFTs and play games

Here was the last post on AI, crypto, startup, tech learnings :)

Cognitive arbitrage in crypto

Financial arbitrage is the act of exploiting discrepancies in price by eg, traders

Similarly, cognitive arbitrage is the act of exploiting discrepancies in perceived value of information by eg, savvy marketers (scammers are the extreme outcome of this)

In crypto such cognitive arbitrage is particularly egregious given the info asymmetry, young userbase, speed of change, and relative novelty / obscuring of the tech. FDV anyone?

Some examples:

…people care too much about market cap and not enough about liquidity (eg, memecoins, low float / high FDV)

…people care too much about the names of VCs and KOLs involved in a project, but not enough about the quality of the actual team and product (eg, KOL rounds, getting a16z or Paradigm on your cap table)

…people care too much about social activity (like how active a Discord is) but not enough about the team’s own output (measured by eg, tweets, blog posts, shipping)

…people care too much about recent price trends (24H, 30D changes) and not enough about multi year price trends (especially over the duration of a bull-bear cycle)

…people care too much about supply (like token unlocks, or token burn) and not enough about demand (like actual usage demand for a token, fee takerate)

…people care too much about yields (like staking APY) and not enough about where the yield comes from (like token inflation vs actual fees earned)

I’m sure there’s a lot more that I’ve missed, and I’ll add more as I see them…